Agrobiodiversidade de propriedades agrícolas familiares no município de Presidente Figueiredo, AM

Abstract

This study was conducted on fifteen farms in the municipality of Presidente Figueiredo, AM, where people practice slash and burn agriculture and labor employed is entirely familiar. The properties are located in two settlement projects (SP) from INCRA, the SP Uatumã and SP Canoas. This work was divided into three chapters, the first being that whose objective was to investigate the processes that led to the creation of the settlements and made an approach about socio-cultural way of life, customs and traditional production system of farmers family, characterizing them according to field observations and interviews. In the second chapter, we conducted a survey of species of the family Fabaceae present in three different places inside the farms, in order to select some species to be used as green manure. In the third and final chapter, it was made chemical analysis of soils of the areas and of the leaves of some species of legumes. SP Uatumã was established in 1987 and SP Canoes in 1992 after a long process of migration and occupation of the north region. Nine families have the final title of the land and six have title of ownership. The families that now inhabit these settlements are from different cities of Amazonas state, but some also came from Paraná, Sergipe, Piauí and Maranhão. Each family has only one property, and from the fifteen, nine reported having some other type of income that arises not only on agricultural products. The houses are all made by wood, except for one which is of masonry, and all have electricity. The transport and lack of technical support were listed as the main obstacles for the producers. The main crops are cupuaçu, coconut, banana, cassava and hot peppers. Regarding the survey, we found 42 species belonging to the three Fabaceae subfamilies within this family of legumes. Of the 42 species identified, 20 (47.62%) had a habit of tree growth, 15 (35.71%) were lianas, 5 species (11.19%) are herbaceous and two (4.76%) are shrubs. From a total of 137 individuals sampled, 16 (11.68%) were of Mimosa pudica, which was the most abundant species of this survey. Mimosa debilis species with 13 individuals, Lonchocarpus negrensis (12), Inga edulis (8), Senna tapajozensis and Machaerium hoehneanum (7), represent (9.49%) (8.76%) (5.84%) and (5.11%) of the total abundance respectively. Of a total of 27 genera found the highest species richness (5) was of the genus Inga, Machaerium and Parkia followed, both with 4 species. Of the 137 individuals sampled, 57 were found in the homegardens, 69 in fallow and 11 individuals were found in the areas of crops (roçado). Of the 42 species identified, 32 (76.0%) has the ability to develop nodules. Only 10 (24.0%) did not show this capcity. Of these 32 species capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, 15 belong to the subfamily Mimosoideae, 15 to Papilionoideae and 2 to Caesalpinioideae. The chemical analysis of soil showed a significant difference for all nutrients and pH, except for C and Al. Among the three environments, the homegardens had the highest values for most nutrients. The largest zinc was found in the roçados and the highest Ca, Al and Fe were found in fallow. In relation to the lignin, cellulose, nitrogen and polyphenols, all of them showed significant differences between all these variables, due to the fact that these species are very heterogeneous regarding their chemical compunds. Arachis stenosperma, Machaerium hoehneanum, Piptadenia minutiflora, Caesalpinia ferrea, Gliricidia sepium, Inga edulis, Inga macrophylla and Swartzia longistipitata were the species that had the greatest potential for use as green manure and enrichment of fallow.