Revisão taxonômica e análise filogenética de Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)

Abstract

Psychodopygus Mangabeira, 1941 belongs to the Phlebotominae (Diptera, Psychodidae) and is comprised of 35 species, which are mainly Neotropical, occurring from Mexico to the south of Brazil with larger number of species occurring mainly in the Amazon region. The similarity between the females of various species hampers the correct identification between them, although some studies of allocation of individuals of a particular sex to a given species are already available. In order to revise the species of Psychodopygus and present a hypothesis for the internal relationships of the genus, a phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters of adults of 33 species was performed. A total of 54 morphological characters of head, thorax and both male and female terminalia were used. The phylogeny was estimated under parsimony criteria and all characters were analyzed using equal weights and polarized a posteriori based on rooting with outgroups. The analysis yielded a most-parsimonious tree (L = 112 steps, CI = 78, RI = 95), which resulted in four species forming a non-monophiletic group and four clades which were named with the names of the series of species proposed by previous authors. The monophyly of the genus is supported by seven synapomorphies. Psychodopygus was comprised of (Ps. matosi (Ps. arthuri (Ps. lloydi (Ps. bispinosus ((davisi clade, panamensis clade) (guyanensis clade (Ps. lainsoni (squamiventris clade))))))). Ps. matosi, Ps. arthuri, Ps. lloydi e Ps.bispinosus as more basal species of the genus and four clades: davisi (Ps. amazonensis (Ps. claustrei, Ps. davisi)), panamensis (Ps. panamensis ((Ps. carrerai, Ps. fairchildi, Ps. thula) (Ps. llanosmartinsi, Ps. recurvus) Ps. paraensis, Ps. joliveti, Ps. yucumensis, Ps. nocticolus, Ps. ayrozai (Ps. hirsutus, Ps. nicaraguensis))), guyanensis (Ps. francoisleponti, Ps. corossoniensis, Ps. geniculatus) and squamiventris (Ps. leonidasdeanei (Ps. killicki (Ps. complexus, Ps. wellcomei) ((Ps. squamiventris maripaensis, Ps. squam. squamiventris) Ps. chagasi (Ps. bernalei, Ps. fairtigi))))). The clade davisi is sister-group of the clade panamensis, and the clade guyanensis appears as the sister group of Ps. lainsoni + clade squamiventris. The branch comprised of Ps. lainsoni + clade squamiventris share eight sinapomorphies, while squamiventris species form a clade well supported by seven sinapomorphies. Two synonymies were proposed: Ps. douradoi and Ps. fairtigi, Ps. parimaensis and Ps. davisi and two nomina dubia, Ps. guyanensis and Ps. fairchildi. Key to species identification and maps of geographic records were provided.