Filogenia e biogeografia de três famílias de aves do Neotrópico

Abstract

The Neotropical region has one of the highest biodiversity index in the planet and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of such diversity. Currently, landscape and climatic evolution are credited to be the two main processes responsible for shaping the patterns. Landscape evolution includes, for example, the Andean uplift and consequent continental drainage reconfiguration, and the closure of the Isthmus of Panama, which allowed the Great American Biotic Interchange. In the present study we selected three Neotropical families of birds. Trogonidae has a Pantropical distribution, members of this family inhabit tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, however, the highest diversity is currently found in the Americas. Galbulidae and Bucconidae are sister families and endemics to the Neotropics. WE sampled all species and almost all subspecies currently recognized for this three families, and for widespread species we thoroughly sampled throughout their distributions to uncover hidden phylogeographic patterns. Based on these results, we selected the samples to sequence thousands of Ultraconserved Elements (UCE). Thus, we compiled three studies for this thesis. In the first chapter, we studied one Galbulidae species complex associated with the Amazonian White-sand environments. We compared between molecular markers that have different heritage systems, the mtDNA and nuDNA (UCE), where we recovered contrasting histories between markers, and based on these results we proposed a diversification model for the White-sand environments. In the second chapter, we analyzed the global diversification of Trogonidae, employing thousands of UCE loci to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis between all species currently recognized, and we also estimated a fossil calibrated time tree for Trogonidae diversification. At last, in the third chapter, we analyzed the diversification patterns for Galbulidae and Bucconidae using a phylogeographic/phylogenetic approach. In this chapter it was clear how these groups diversity in underestimated by currently taxonomic approach.