Análise genética da dinâmica social do tangará-de-cabeça-branca (Dixiphia pipra) em paisagens fragmentadas da Amazônia Central

Abstract

Pipridae are small frugivorous birds distributed in Neotropical forests. One striking feature of manakins is that males have lush plumes for performing dances in a lek mating system. Few molecular markers were developed for population studies of this family. As the development of new microsatellite markers has high costs and is laborious, we tested the cross-species amplification of 21 loci developed for the manakins Chiroxiphia caudata, C. lanceolata and Manacus manacus in Dixiphia pipra. The success of cross-species amplification was 62%, and for loci that amplified the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.25000 to 0.80000 and the expected from 0.22273 to 0.94192. In total eight markers were informative markers as desired traits for Dixiphia pipra, with 2-14 alleles per locus. Some loci were tested for amplification in other Pipridae species and apparently are also useful for population studies. We selected six markers to study population Dixiphia pipra to respond to the questions of gene flow, degree of kinship and effective population size in a fragmented landscape in PDBFF, ~ 80-km north of Manaus. The Bayesian analysis revealed that the ten sampling sites comprise a single population. The value of relatedness (r) of individuals in continuous and fragmented landscapes is similar with a slight deviation to the forest fragments of a Ha, where apparently it is the nesting area. Males of the ranges of continuous and fragmented landscapes have the same levels of relationship. The effective population size of the landscape as a whole was 121 individuals. We conclude that the recent forest fragmentantion caused subtle changes in the indices measured.