Dissertação
Diversidade molecular dos Ancistrini (Loricariidae: Siluriformes) reofílicos da ecorregião Xingu-Tapajós
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia - INPA
Resumo
With more than 5,700 species described, Neotropical ichthyofauna is considered the most
diverse vertebrate fauna of the world. Neotropical fishes represent 20% of all fish species
in the world. Therefore any attempt to understand evolution of vertebrates must rely on
the understanding of the diversification of fishes in the Amazon basin and adjacent
regions. Among the drainages that comprise the Amazon basin, the Xingu and Tapajós
are particularly notable for the large number of rapids and waterfalls, which occur in the
transition area between the Brazilian Shield and the Amazonian plain. The environment
of the rapids is characterized by a set of extreme environmental features, requiring
morphophysiological and behavioral specializations of the associated ichthyofauna. With
approximately 250 valid species, the tribe Ancistrini has strong association with rapidly
moving waters, and are an important component of the rheophilic fish fauna of the Xingu-
Tapajós aquatic ecoregion. The Xingu and Tapajós Rivers are considered historically
under-sampled, and the high number of species that have been described in recent years
is indicative of the need to expand the taxonomic studies in this ecoregion. The recent
infrastructure investments by the federal government into the construction oof
hydroelectric developments raises to the state of urgency the need to increase the number
of studies aimed to describe and elucidate the processes that generated these communities.
For these reasons, the present study aimed to characterize the molecular diversity and
phylogenetic structure of ancistrine communities of the Xingu-Tapajós aquatic ecoregion
with the goal of clarifying the historical and ecological processes responsible for the
current pattern of species co-occurrence. Analyses of DNA barcodes revealed the
existence of 46 species of Ancistrini in the ecoregion, that are distributed in 16 genera,
one of them probably being a new genus. The high concordance between morphologically
and molecularly identified species indicates the reliability of the methodology of DNA
barcoding for the identification/delimitation of species, making it a useful tool for the
necessary acceleration of the description of new species of Neotropical ichthyofauna. The
importance of biotic interactions suggested by analysis of phylogenetic community
structure meets the theories proposed for the formation of communities of fish in lotic
environments. However some evidence suggests that this difference may be the result of
bias related to the taxonomic and geographical scales of the current study.
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