Sistemática de Fufius Simon, 1888 (ARANEAE: MYGALOMORPHAE: RHYTIDICOLIDAE), com notas em micro-caranguejeiras amazônicas

Abstract

The Cyrtaucheniidae family has been recognized as one of the most problematic mygalomorph families. Two decades ago, the family had 120 species distributed in 19 genera. After the contribution of several studies, the family currently comprises 93 species distributed in 6 genera. Studies using morphological and/or molecular data and genomic scale data have recovered Cyrtaucheniidae as poly- or paraphyletic. The relationship between Cyrtaucheniidae and Dipluridae Simon, 1889 and some genera currently included in Pycnothelidae Chamberlin, 1917, Microstigmatidae Roewer, 1942 and Anamidae Simon, 1889 were recovered in the evaluation of the phylogeny of several families of mygalomorphs with Anchored Hydride Enrichment data. A total of 64 taxa were sampled in our phylogenetic analysis, representing 40 genera from 13 of the 31 currently known mygalomorph families. In the ingroup, we included taxa from four of the six genera of Cyrtaucheniidae (Acontius Karsch, 1879; Ancylotrypa Simon, 1889; Bolostromus Ausserer, 1875; Cyrtauchenius Thorell, 1869), representing 80% of the family currently delimited by Opatova et al. (2020) and Montes de Oca et al. (2022). It also included 16 representatives of Rhytidicolidae, one of Rhytidicolus, 14 of Fufius and an unknown lineage from Peru. In the external groups, we incorporated 44 representative samples of mygalomorphs distributed in 11 families. Our results retrieved major clades from two previous molecular studies involving the same taxa (Opatova et al. 2020; Montes de Oca et al. 2022). Based on the topology we name two clades here, Microstigmatoidine (NEW NAME) and Cyrtauchenioidine (NEW NAME). Microstigmatoidine is composed of three lineages, Anamidae as sister group of Microstigmatidae + Entypesidae and Cyrtauchenioidina composed of three lineages, Cyrtaucheniidae as sister group of Dipluridae + Rhytidicolidae. Cyrtaucheniidae was recovered as a monophyletic group divided into two main lineages, one by Cyrtauchenius + Ancylotrypa and the other by Acontius + Bolostromus, each representing a subfamily, Cyrtaucheniinae and Aporoptychinae, respectively. Furthermore, we confirm that Rhytidicolidae is composed of three main lineages, each represented by a genus, Rhytidicolus (genus type of family), Fufius and an unidentified lineage from Peru. Based on two of these three lineages, we recognized two monotypic taxa at the subfamily level, Rhytidicolinae Simon, 1903 (NEW RANK), represented by Rhytidicolus and Fufiinae (NEW SUBFAMILY), including only the genus Fufius, both recovered as a sister group. Our results show that Fufius is a monophyletic group, with the species forming a single lineage recovering the genus as a sister group of Rhytidicolus, a new genus from Peru and two diplurid genera (Diplura and Linothele). Our phylogenetic hypothesis allows us to confirm the placement of Acontius, Ancylotrypa, Bolostromus in Cyrtaucheniidae, relimiting the subfamilies Cyrtaucheniinae and Aporoptychinae and the placement of Fufius and Rhytidicolus in Rhytidicolidae. We also conclude that the monotypic genus Bolostromoides Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945 is considered a junior synonym of Bolostromus and its type species, B. summorum Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1945 is transferred to Bolostromus. A new diagnosis is proposed for Cyrtaucheniidae and the subfamilies Cyrtaucheniinae and Aporoptychinae are relimited. Furthermore, we revised the genus Fufius Simon, 1888, redescribed and diagnosed the species F. albovittatus (Simon, 1891), F. antillensis (FO Pickard-Cambridge, 1899), F. atramentarius Simon, 1888 and F. ecuadorensis (Simon, 1899). We describe for the first time the males of F. antillensis and F. ecuadorensis and the female of F. albovittatus. Additionally, 19 new species of Fufius are described for the first time, named here as Fufius sp. nov. 1 (Amazonas e Pará), ♂♀; Fufius sp. nov. 2 (Bahia), ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 3 (Acre) ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 4 (Ceará) ♂♀; Fufius sp. nov. 5 (Amazonas) ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 6 (Amazonas) ♀; Fufius sp. nov. 7 (Amazonas) ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 8 (Amazonas) ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 9 (Rondônia) ♀; Fufius sp. nov. 10 (Roraima) ♀; Fufius sp. nov. 11 (Amazonas) ♂♀; Fufius sp. nov. 12 (Maranhão) ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 13 (Peru) ♀; Fufius sp. nov. 14 (Piauí) ♀; Fufius sp. nov. 15 (Ceará) ♂♀; Ffufius sp. nov. 16 (Rondônia e Pará) ♂♀; Fufius sp. nov. 17 (Tocantins) ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 18 (Amazonas) ♂; Fufius sp. nov. 19 (Amazonas e Acre) ♂♀. 19 new described species of Fufius, 13 are from the northern region of Brazil and 5 are the first records of the genus for the northeastern region of Brazil. We describe for the first time a species of Fufius for Peru, and we expand the range of F. ecuadorensis as a new record for Peru. The species F. candango, F. funebris, F. jalapensis, F. minusculus and F. striatipes are rediagnosed. The species F. anulipes, F. auricomus and F. lanicius are considered as nomina dubia. In addition, we carried out a taxonomic study with Amazonian micro-tarantulas of the Dipluridae and Paratropididae families, and most of the taxonomic work with mygalomorphs in the Amazon region was carried out with large spiders of the Theraphosidae family (Fukushima et al., 2005; Bertani et al. 2008; West et al., 2008; Rudloff & Weinmann 2010; Pérez-Miles et al., 2014; Paula et al., 2014). However, the micro-tarantulas were neglected, both in ecological studies and in their taxonomic classification, making several studies with this group of animals found on the forest floor difficult. This thesis aims to contribute to the knowledge of the biodiversity of neotropical spiders, both in their taxonomic classification and in their natural aspects.