Revisão taxonômica e análise filogenética de Trichophoromyia Barretto, 1962 (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotominae)

Abstract

Sand flies are small, elongated, densely hairy Diptera and are found in practically all biomes. Trichophoromyia was proposed as a subgenus of Lutzomyia by Barretto, 1962 (type species: P. ubiquitalis Mangabeira, 1942) and is distinguished from the other genera by hF3ing Newstead sensilles in 2nd palpal segment, four spines in gonostile; males with genitalia equal in size or larger than the size of the thorax; complement with ringed spermateca where the size of the apical ring varies between 1 to 6x the size of the pre-apical ring. Specimens belonging to the series of types and materials from loan, collection, and donation of material by other researchers were observed. The specimens were photographed using a camera attached to a microscope and taking advantage of a clear camera. Then, the images were treated with Adobe Illustrator® and Photoshop®. The phylogenetic analysis was based on the morphology of adults of both sexes. The characters and their states were coded in an array using the Mesquite v program. 2.75. The polarization of states was performed by comparison with external groups and a parsimony analysis was performed in the TNT 1.5 program using a heuristic search. Searches were performed using equal weighing and implicit weighing, using constant k values from 1-10. Bremer decay index, consistency index (ic) and retention index (ir) were also calculated. The cladogram optimization was performed in Winclada (Nixon, 2002) and the tree editing in Adobe Illustrator® and Photoshop®. In the present work, for a taxonomic review, 36 previous species were examined, being 27 previous ones, with the addition of measurements and shown. An update on the distribution of species of the genus was carried out, as well as new records for T. clitella in Bolivia, T. velascoi in Colombia, and T. rostrans in Peru. Information on holotypes for all species was also updated and it was possible to locate types that were thought to be lost, such as T. auraensis and T. ubiquitalis, in addition to the designation of a neotype for T. viannamartinsi. The synonymy between T. rostrans and T. octF3ioi was observed, corroborating the studies by Theodor (1965) and Sherlock & Guitton (1976). In all, 15 species that could not be examined in loco or by photographs had an added diagnosis, based on literature and drawings, in addition to the inclusion of a new taxonomic discussion. The original drawings of some species were specified with the help of Adobe Illustrator® and included in this work. Some species were examined, however, a description was complete and was only included in a diagnosis and new figures and photos of the type of material, as is the case of T. ruifreitasi. In relation to the two species, it was possible to identify to T. reburra, based on the presence of outgrowths in the individual ducts of the genitalia. Four new morphotypes were also found, two for Ecuador, two for Peru and one for Colombia. Unfortunately, so far, only one specimen of each morphotype has been found and although we believe that these are new species, more collections are needed in these regions to confirm the new species and rule out possible errors. The phylogenetic analysis for the analyzed dataset recovered Trichophoromyia as a monophyletic group, in addition, four natural groups were also recovered, among them the Brachipyga Group, corroborating the previous classifications of this group.