Sistemática e biogeografia de Achilixiidae muir (hemiptera: auchenorrhyncha: fulgoroidea) com base em caracteres morfológicos e moleculares

Abstract

We provide the first phylogenetic study, including representatives of both genera of Achilixiidae, based on morphological and molecular data. Currently, the family has 32 valid species and is divided into two genera: Achilixius, with 16 species in the Oriental Region, and Bebaiotes, with 16 species valid for the Neotropical Region. The study was composed of a matrix of morphological data, including 44 taxa (35 species from the ingroup and nine from the outgroup) and 99 morphological characters (65 binary and 34 multistate), in addition to four molecular markers (18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, 16S rRNA, and H3). the concatenated data matrix comprised 67 taxa and 4,379 bp, including twenty-three specimens that were sequenced herein, generating new sequences deposited in GenBank and contributing to the enrichment of the genetic database. Analyses were conducted using three phylogenetic criteria: parsimony (morphology only) in the TNT program, maximum likelihood (molecular) in the IQ-TREE 2.2.0 program, and Bayesian inference (molecular) in the MrBayes v3.2.7a program. In both analyses, Achilixiidae and Achilixius Muir were recovered as monophyletic. Bebaiotes Muir was found to be paraphyletic in the molecular data analysis, who considered the species Bebaiotes guianesus, Bebaiotes bia, Bebaiotes sp.1, Bebaiotes banksi and Bebaiotes sp. C, whereas in the morphological data analyses, it was recovered as monophyletic. Additionally, five new species have been added to Bebaiotes Muir taxonomy: Bebaiotes cavichiolii sp. nov. (Peru), Bebaiotes clarice sp. nov. (Brazil - Amazonas), Bebaiotes oiapoquensis sp. nov. (Brazil - Amapá), Bebaiotes oliveirai sp. nov. (Brazil - Amazonas), and Bebaiotes specialis sp. nov. (Brazil - Bahia and Alagoas) and a new species for Achilixius Muir, Achilixius dietrichi sp. nov. (Filipinas). Additionally, an updated identification key for Bebaiotes species (males and females) is provided. The current estimate for the divergence time suggests that the initial divergence of Achilixiidae occurred sometime during the Triassic to Jurassic period, marked by the fragmentation of Gondwana.