Comportamento reprodutivo do anuro amazônico Allobates paleovarzensis (Aromobatidae) e o papel dos parentais na sobrevivência da prole

Abstract

The study of amphibians’ reproductive biology allows to outline patterns among different taxonomical groups and to test many evolutionary and behavioural hypotheses. In this study, we used the species Allobates paleovarzensis (Anura: Aromobatidae) as a model due to its parental care and male territoriality. We conducted behavioural observations and field experiments during reproductive seasons in two localities, where we described courtship behaviour, mating, parental care and territoriality (Chapter I); tested the role of intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the males in mating success (Chapter 2); and tested the effect of males’ removal in the survival rate of the offspring and in the parental behaviour of females (Chapter 3). Most of the studies concerning these topics in anurans were conducted in captivity, and field experiments are important for testing behavioural relations and survival rates under natural biotic and abiotic conditions. Our observations show that A. paleovarzensis is a polygamical species with uniparental care by the males, territoriality related to male competition for space and females, high investment on the number of eggs with evidence of the simultaneous transport of the highest number of tadpoles for the genus. Territory size is the main driver for males’ mating success, and this determinant was uncorrelated with other tested attributes. Females appear to access males’ territorial size during courtship, before mating, when males conduct females around the territory. Parental care in A. paleovarzensis is exclusive to males, with no evidence for maternal care. Males nurse the offspring throughout the whole developmental process that occur inside their territories. Without a male providing parental care, offspring mortality is very high in every developmental stage.