Filogenia da subfamília Todirostrinae (Aves, Rhynchocyclidae) e biogeografia dos complexos Lophotriccus e Oncostoma

Abstract

The subfamily Todirostrinae (Tello, Moyle, Marchese & Cracraft, 2009) comprises seven genera and about 51 recognized taxa distributed from southern Mexico to the northeast of Argentina, occurring in several forest environments. Its taxonomy and systematics are traditionally based on synapomorphies of small body size and beak shape, leading to a historical controversy over its taxonomy and evolutionary relationships. In this study, a multilocus (5 loci, 3153 bp) approach of the highest phylogeny constructed for the group was used to infer phylogenetic relationships in Todirostrinae, recognizing valid genera and estimating the time of diversification. Paraphily was found in four genera of Todirostrinae and also in five taxa of the group. The genus Hemitriccus corresponds to nine paraphyletic lines, four of which correspond to new genera and five genera previously recognized in the literature, similar to the genera Myiornis and Lophotriccus (both with two paraphyletic lineages). The genus Poecilotriccus presents four paraphyletic lines, three of which correspond to new genera. The results of the phylogenetic reconstructions served as basis for the proposal of a new taxonomic arrangement for the group. The origin and diversification of the genera can be explained by geological events in the Andes and Brazilian Shield as well as Pleistocene glacial cycles. The genus Lophotriccus, widely distributed in lowland and montane forests throughout the northern Neotropics and Central America, has controversial taxonomy and poorly known species limits. In addition, the objective was to estimate the phylogeny, species limits and historical biogeography of Lophotriccus using a multilocus approach (5 loci, 3153 bp) covering XVI all taxa described. It has been found that the genus Lophotriccus is paraphyletic in relation to Oncostoma and Hemitriccus minor. In addition, all traditionally recognized Lophotriccus are paraphyletic, except L. eulophotes. The species delimitation analysis supports a species status for all subspecies of the genus and four geographically structured clades in L. galeatus. Biogeographic reconstruction has optimized western Amazonia and Central Andes as more probable ancestor areas and suggests multiple diversification events in the Andes, Amazon plains and Central America, coinciding with the Pleistocene glacial cycles.