Total OH reactivity over the Amazon rainforest: Variability with temperature, wind, rain, altitude, time of day, season, and an overall budget closure

Abstract

The tropical forests are Earth's largest source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) and thus also the largest atmospheric sink region for the hydroxyl radical (OH). However, the OH sink above tropical forests is poorly understood, as past studies have revealed large unattributed fractions of total OH reactivity. We present the first total OH reactivity and volatile organic compound (VOC) measurements made at the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) at 80, 150, and 320 m above ground level, covering two dry seasons, one wet season, and one transition season in 2018-2019. By considering a wide range of previously unaccounted for VOCs, which we identified by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), the unattributed fraction was with an overall average of 19 % within the measurement uncertainty of span classCombining double low line"inline-formula"g1/4/span 35 %. In terms of seasonal average OH reactivity, isoprene accounted for 23 %-43 % of the total and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) for 22 %-40 %, while monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and green leaf volatiles combined were responsible for 9 %-14 %. These findings show that OVOCs were until now an underestimated contributor to the OH sink above the Amazon forest./ By day, total OH reactivity decreased towards higher altitudes with strongest vertical gradients observed around noon during the dry season (span classCombining double low lineinline-formula-0.026/span sspan classCombining double low line"inline-formula-1/span mspan classCombining double low line"inline-formula-1/span), while the gradient was inverted at night. Seasonal differences in total OH reactivity were observed, with the lowest daytime average and standard deviation of 19.9 span classCombining double low lineinline-formula±/span 6.2 sspan classCombining double low lineinline-formula-1/span during a wet-dry transition season with frequent precipitation; 23.7 span classCombining double low line"inline-formula"±/span 6.5 sspan classCombining double low line"inline-formula"-1/span during the wet season; and the highest average OH reactivities during two dry-season observation periods with 28.1 span classCombining double low line"inline-formula"±/span 7.9 sspan classCombining double low line"inline-formula"-1/span and 29.1 span classCombining double low line"inline-formula"±/span 10.8 sspan classCombining double low line"inline-formula"-1/span, respectively. The effects of different environmental parameters on the OH sink were investigated, and quantified, where possible. Precipitation caused short-Term spikes in total OH reactivity, which were followed by below-normal OH reactivity for several hours. Biomass burning increased total OH reactivity by 2.7 to 9.5 sspan classCombining double low line"inline-formula"-1/span. We present a temperature-dependent parameterization of OH reactivity that could be applied in future models of the OH sink to further reduce our knowledge gaps in tropical-forest OH chemistry./. © 2021 Copernicus GmbH. All rights reserved.