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Title: | Guarana: Revisiting a highly caffeinated plant from the Amazon |
Authors: | Schimpl, Flávia Camila Silva, José Ferreira da Gonçalves, José Francisco de Carvalho Mazzafera, Paulo |
Keywords: | Caffeine Catechin Ephedra Sinica Extract Epicatechin Green Tea Extract Guarana Extract Ilex Paraguariensis Extract Plant Extract Proanthocyanidin Saponin Tannin Derivative Turnera Diffusa Extract Unclassified Drug Antibacterial Activity Antidepressant Activity Antineoplastic Activity Antioxidant Activity Antiproliferative Activity Beverage Biosynthesis Chemical Composition Chemoprophylaxis Cosmetic Industry Ethnopharmacology Food Intake Fruit Gene Sequence Genetic Variability Guarana Human Marketing Nonhuman Seed Plant Productivity Review Species Cultivation Tranquilizing Activity Weight Reduction Paullinia Cupana Sapindaceae Biodiversity Caffeine Pharmacology Sapindaceae Tannin Animal Caffeine Humans Paullinia Plant Extracts Seeds |
Issue Date: | 2013 |
metadata.dc.publisher.journal: | Journal of Ethnopharmacology |
metadata.dc.relation.ispartof: | Volume 150, Número 1, Pags. 14-31 |
Abstract: | Ethnopharmacological relevance Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth var. sorbilis (Mart.) Ducke) has been traditionally consumed by indigenous communities of the Amazon region. It is valued mainly for its stimulant property because of its high content of caffeine, which can be up to 6% in the seeds. Aim of the review The purpose of this review is to revisit this typically Brazilian plant, addressing economic considerations, the chemical makeup of the seeds and pharmacological properties so far investigated. Results Guarana is primarily produced in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Bahia, and approximately 70% of the production is used by the industry of soft and energy drinks. The other 30% becomes guarana powder for direct consumption in capsules or dilution in water, or it serves as a raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. In addition to its stimulant property, guarana has other therapeutic properties, which have aroused the interest of the scientific community. Conclusion This review shows that other guarana properties may be explored and how scarce are the studies regarding agronomic, plant pathology, physiology and breeding. So far, caffeine has been the main reason to study guarana and still will lead the researches because the demand for this alkaloid by food and pharmaceutical industry, and a strongly growing market related with beauty products. However, guarana has other components and there is great interest in studies designed to elucidate the effects of guarana's bioactive components and their potential pharmacological applications. Significant part of the guarana production in Brazil still comes from Indians tribes in the Amazon State, and any improvement in this plant, in any aspect, may propitiate a positive economic impact in their lives. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. |
metadata.dc.identifier.doi: | 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.023 |
Appears in Collections: | Artigos |
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