Diversity of amphibians and squamata reptilians from lower Purus River Basin, Central Amazonia, Brazil

Abstract

The lower Purus River Basin, Central Amazonia - Brazil, represents an area of prominent interest for conservation of amphibians and reptiles. However, there is little available information about these groups for flooded and nonflooded forests, the major landscapes in this region. We sampled a representative area over two periods: 2004-2005 and 2009-2010. We used efficient and complementary techniques for sampling the herpetofauna in rainforests: time constrained audio-visual search (TAVS), pitfall traps with drift fence (PFDF) and double- ended funnel traps with drift fence (FTDF). We recorded a total of 160 species, including 75 amphibians (73 frogs and two caecilians) and 85 reptiles (34 lizards and 51 snakes). The occurrence of the anuran Dendropsophus allenorum represents the first record for Brazil. Comparing the efficiency of the sampling methods, the TAVS was the best method in sampling efficiency for the majority of the herpetofauna species; followed by the PFDF, efficient in sampling terrestrial frogs and litter lizards in the nonflooded forests. We did not use the PFDF in the flooded forests because the soil was water saturated. Despite its low efficiency in sampling terrestrial frogs and litter lizards, the FTDF, was efficient in snake capture and easily adaptable to the saturated soil in flooded forests. The greatest richness of species and groups was found in the nonflooded forests. Families of fossorial and litter species were mostly absent from the flooded forests. However, in the flooded forests we found a large number of arboreal frogs (Hylidae) and of larger heliothermic lizards (Teiidae). When we evaluated each sample period separately, we found a similar richness of the herpetofauna between the different types of forest landscapes, with a bias towards higher diversity in the nonflooded forests. In spite of similar species numbers, the nonflooded and flooded forests had different species assemblages. The total amphibian and Squamata reptilian diversity between the nonflooded and flooded forests (beta-β diversity), sites with more widespread landscapes, possibly represents the major contribution to the regional herpetofauna diversity in the lower Purus River Basin (Gama-γ diversity).