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Título: The evolution of Zoraptera
Autor: Matsumura, Yoko
Beutel, Rolf Georg
Rafael, José Albertino
Yao, Izumi
Câmara, Josenir Teixeira
Lima, Sheila P.
Yoshizawa, Kazunori
Palavras-chave: Ancestry
Dispersal
Divergence
Dna
Evolution
Gondwana
Insect
Interspecific Variation
Laurentia
Morphology
Pangaea
Phylogenetics
Phylogeny
Reconstruction
Sampling
Hexapoda
Zoraptera
Data do documento: 2020
Revista: Systematic Entomology
É parte de: Volume 45, Número 2, Pags. 349-364
Abstract: Zoraptera is one of the most enigmatic and least understood orders in insects. Based on a wide taxon sampling from all continents where the group is known, we applied a phylogenetic approach using multiple DNA sequences to elucidate species-level relationships. The resulting phylogeny shows that Zoraptera is divided into three major clades, and that two comprise species distributed on different continents. The monophyly of these clades is at least partly supported by shared derived morphological features. The divergence age estimation and ancestral distribution area reconstruction suggest an ancient origin and early radiation initiated in the Permian. Plate tectonics theory suggests that the present distribution of Zoraptera was mainly established by vicariance, rather than dispersal. The three major clades probably originated on the Pangaea supercontinent, or alternatively on the linked Gondwana and Laurasia supercontinents. Their ancient origin explains previously found conspicuous interspecific variation of the genital apparatus, sperm structure and mating behaviour, in striking contrast to a highly conserved general body morphology. We compiled data of available reproductive features and reconstructed the character evolution. Our analyses revealed repeated acquisitions and/or losses of a hyperelongated intromittent organ, mating hooks and tergal protuberances. © 2019 The Authors. Systematic Entomology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Royal Entomological Society.
DOI: 10.1111/syen.12400
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