Dissertação
Diversidade críptica em Pristimantis fenestratus (Anura: Craugastoridae) na Amazônia Oriental brasileira
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Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia - INPA
Resumo
In terms of diversity of amphibians, the Neotropics is unmatched, occurring approximately 2,065
species, more than any other region on the planet. Only for South America are recognized 95% of
this diversity (1,959). The Brazil is the richest amphibians country in diversity in the planet with
946 species described and frogs the most diverse group with 350 species to Amazon. Several
biogeographic theories try to explain this great diversity, using of molecular markers, morphology,
species diversity, ethology, modeling, among others. The genus Pristimantis contains more than 470
species, divided into 11 groups. The species in this study, Pristimantis fenestratus belongs to
Pristimantis conspicillatus group with over 33 species. This study aimed to investigate the existence
of cryptic species within P. fenestratus in eastern Amazonia and observe the effect of rivers
Trombetas, Jatapu, Tapajós and Xingu in the distribution of genetic diversity within P. fenestratus.
Were sequenced 114 individuals of P. fenestratus for the mitochondrial 16S rDNA, 62 sequences
gene Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (COI) of mtDNA and 84 sequences from nuclear gene
tyrosinase. One hundred and thirty-two males were measured for Principal Component Analysis
(PCA) and discriminant function analysis (DFA). The population structure analysis for all
concatenated genes, revealed strong structure in the main interfluve formed by the major tributaries
of the Amazon River. The Maximum Likelihood trees, to the concatenated mitochondrial genes and
the nuclear gene, showed a consistent topology with the groups found by BAPS, separating the
groups in clades with high bootstrap support. The genetic distance p unadjusted pairwise groups
ranged between 2-11% for the 16S gene, whereas in the groups ranged from 1-2%. The ACP
showed no separation in morphometric space between locations. AFD presented only 52% accurate
to classify individuals according to their genetic grouping of BAPS, features that support a complex
of species within P. fenestratus. The analysis of the divergence time showed a basal division
between two groups for both the 16S gene (rDNA) and tyrosinase (nDNA), during the middle
Miocene. Based on these results, we suggest a new species for the genus Pristimantis, supported by
molecular evidence (16S) and morphological characters that distinguishes it from P. fenestratus the
type locality and other species of P. conspicillatus group. These results show that Pristimantis
fenestratus has a strong structuring between the Amazon interfluvia with high genetic divergence
between them. His conservative morphology does not enable us to find morphometric differences
between the locations analyzed, although results (morphological and molecular) provides evidence
that the species may be masking a complex of species and taxonomic revision is needed to resolve
this taxonomic problem.
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