Avaliação da predação de sementes de aniba rosaeodora ducke e estratégias para o manejo integrado de pragas em viveiros, Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil

Abstract

Aniba rosaeodora Ducke is a forest species of high commercial interest for obtaining essential oil, rich in linalool, used as a perfume fixative by the cosmetics industry. Investments in the production of seedlings and forest plantations with this species have been growing as a source of economic income. However, there are still difficulties in obtaining biological material, mainly due to the antecedents of the selective extractivism in the 20th century. The seedlings production is carried out from seeds, however, there are three key problems that make sampling difficult: 1) Irregular fruiting, 2) Fruit predation by birds and rodents, 3) Fruit infestation caused by insects of the order Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. The present work is focused on insects, and in chapter 1 it was described how the seed predation process occurs, using the X-ray technique, which allowed us to determine the influence of attacks on the germination process and seedling formation. In chapter 2, it was found that there are important classification problems at the taxonomic level in the subfamily Molytinae. Scientific records indicate that for the genus Heilipus, there is only a single record of immature animals, and larvae are considered to be among the main seeds predators. Therefore, the description of the eggs, larvae and pupae of Heilipus odoratus was carried out, as well as a comparative study of the immature with four species from different tribes of the subfamily Molytinae, to define the differences in chaetotaxy. In chapter 3, it was shown that after the germination process, the A. rosaeodora problems continue due to the fact that it is one of the main hosts of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), registered in 144 countries, which makes holes in the stem, forms galleries, causing seedlings death during the initial development. Therefore, the reduction of attacks was evaluated, through the installation of traps in nurseries, for 12 months. The used models were: IAPAR, PET-SM, and Carvalho-47. Among the results of these three researches, we can highlight that the first chapter brought a methodology for digital evaluation of the internal predation of seeds, through the use of X-rays, allowing us to verify that a part of the infested seeds still manage to germinate, therefore, they can still be considered for the seedlings production, avoiding the disposal of seeds with infestation signs. In the second chapter, the second immature species for the genus Heilipus was described, a pioneer work that allowed a comparison with other species of the subfamily Molytinae, evidencing details of chaetotaxy that can be used for classification between genera and tribes. Finally, the third chapter ratifies the importance of using low-cost traps to capture the weevil insects that attack A. rosaeodora seedlings during their initial development and that can be used in open areas or nurseries, with emphasis on IAPAR and PET-SM, containing methanol with 70° alcohol as attractive bait, as they showed higher capture records of these insects in 12 months of monitoring.